Pharamacognosy is the branch concerned about therapeutic drugs obtained from plants or other natural sources. It is likewise characterized as the investigation of the physical, chemical, biochemical and organic properties of drugs, drug substances which are origin from nature sources. Phytochemistry is in the investigation of phytochemicals in plants and other characteristic sources. Phytochemicals are   chemicals derived from plants. At the end of the day the terms are regularly used to portray the substantial number of essential and auxiliary metabolic compounds found in plants. Phytochemicals are having properties, for example, protection against insect attacks and diseases. They likewise show various defensive capacities for people moreover

\r\n Drug repositioning .the process of finding new uses of existing drugs, has been gaining popularity in recent years. The availability of several established clinical drug libraries and rapid advances in disease biology, genomics and bioinformatics has accelerated the pace of both activity-based and in silico drug repositioning. Drug repositioning has attracted particular attention from the communities engaged in anticancer drug discovery due to the combination of great demand for new anticancer drugs and the availability of a wide variety of cell- and target-based screening assays. With the successful clinical introduction of a number of non-cancer drugs for cancer treatment, drug repositioning now became a powerful alternative strategy to discover and develop novel anticancer drug candidates from the existing drug space. In this review, recent successful examples of drug repositioning for anticancer drug discovery from non-cancer drugs will be discussed.

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The pharmaceutical industry channels an important proportion of total research in most developed countries. In Europe, for example, it represents about 13% of total R&D. In recent years, pharmaceutical companies have been accused of devoting their resources mainly to minor improvements over existing medicines that require short clinical trials and have a small risk of not being accepted. The provision functions were an integral part of a large company’s R&D function but nowadays they are most likely to be outsourced under contract to external societies specializing in a particular service, especially if these activities are not seen to offer a competitive advantage to the company

Proteomics, the extensive analysis of proteins, which contributes expressively to our understanding of gene function in the post-genomic era. Proteomics can be divided into three main areas:

(1) Protein micro-characterization for large-scale certification of proteins and their post-translational changes

(2) 'Differential display' proteomics for comparison of protein levels with potential application in a extensive range of diseases

 (3) Studies of protein–protein interactions using methods such as mass spectrometry or the yeast two-hybrid system

Clinical trials allow the drug to be tested for safety by different ethnic population. Due to the higher medical needs and increasing disease prevalence, developing countries are becoming a hub for clinical trial execution. The clinical trials market has been estimated to reach USD 14.2 billion in 2016 and is projected to reach around USD 22 billion by the year 2021, and the annual growth rate

 Computer-Aided Drug Design

 Virtual Screening Target Structure-Based Design

Target Structure-Based Design

Ligand Structure-Based Design

De Novo Compound Design QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship)

In spite of development of various new drugs, several challenges & problems are untouched and i.e. why return of our resources is necessary for the solving of the problem, development of new drugs, and new methods of treatment. Regulatory requirements and commitments have elevated heavily day by day and this lead to rise in both the trial size and the length and hence the overall cost of the development process becomes very high. The selection of the novel drug from a variety of solution is also a challenge and the development procedure is also very hectic. But current effort of development of drugs using innovative technologies becomes ineffective due to expensive clinical and preclinical data studies

Novel Drug delivery System refers to the formulations, systems and technologies for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as it is desirable to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effects. Drug delivery systems, are those which are mainly based on approaches that are interdisciplinary and that combine pharmaceutics, chemistry, and molecular biology

Drug discovery targeting novel mechanisms has become extremely expensive and hazardous. The annual first-in-class drug approvals have not been acceptable in the past decade despite an increased R&D budget. Follow-on databases targeting proven mechanisms are less hazardous and expensive but can produce drugs with evocative differentiations and thus can play an significant supportive role

Novel Drug delivery System refers to the formulations, systems and technologies for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as it is needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effects. Drug delivery systems, are based on approaches that are interdisciplinary and that combine pharmaceutics, chemistry, and molecular biology

Drug discovery targeting novel mechanisms has become tremendously costly and hazardous. The annual first-in-class drug approvals have not been satisfactory in the past decade despite an increased R&D budget.

In the present scenario the innovative & smart drug delivery technologies are very much important to reach the medicaments to proper site through proper way.Inorder  to deliver the protein, peptide, gene, vaccine, nanoparticles , antigen and some special form of drug – the innovative drug delivery technologies are essential to avoid the enzymatic degradation, acid degradation & some absorption and bioavailability related problems

Many of the novel pharmaceutical formulations are including the Nano medicine, transdermal patches, enteric coated tablets & capsule, implantable tablet, injectable intravenous & intramuscular preparation, micro bubbles & micro sponges, various Nano particles, microsphere etc

Drug testing it is a way to reduce the harm from drug consumption by allowing users to find out the content and concentration  and purity of the  substances that they intend to consume. This permits consumers to make safer choices to avoid more dangerous substances, to use reduced quantities, and to avoid hazardous combinations

Drug resistance is the reduction in efficiency of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic drugs in treating a disease .This term is used in the context of resistance that pathogens have developed that is, resistance has evolved and Drug tolerance is a pharmacological concept which is mainly used to reduce the reaction to the drug in the repeated use and increasing in the dose may revert the drugs effect

Combinely they are the complete process of detecting a new drug  substance and bringing it to market, Drug  Discovery may involve repeat of chemical libraries, identification of the active ingredient from a natural remedy or design resulting from an understanding of the target

Toxicology is a scientific subject which is mainly , overlapping with biology,pharmacology ,chemistry , and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms

The  main aim of this review is to develop the evolving processes in cardiovascular and oncology drug discovery and development within a large pharmaceutical company. Importance is placed on the contrast between the academic and industrial research operating environments, which can influence the efficiency of research relationship between the two constituencies, but which plays such an important role in drug development.

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Bioorganic chemistry is a rapidly growing scientific area that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry and  analytical chemistry is mainly done by examining materials by separating them into their components and identifying each one and how much there is of each one.

The area of Drug Discovery has experienced an amazing evolution in the past decade. This evolution is typified by the development of automated combinatorial synthesis and high throughput pharmacological testing. A primary apprehension of medicinal chemists is to design molecules that will have not only the desired movement, but also suitable potency and duration of action, which is influenced by pharmacokinetic properties such as bioavailability and half-life.

ADME studies have always played a critical role in helping to optimize the pharmacokinetic  properties of new drugs and hence  increasing their success rate. As a consequence of the increased throughput of drug discovery, ADME studies have evolved to keep pace. ADME studies is also known as “metabolic stability”, which can be an important contributor for a good pharmacokinetic profile

Before a drug can be tested in people, the drug company or sponsor implements laboratory and animal tests to discover how the drug works and whether it's likely to be safe and work well in humans. Next, a series of tests in people is begun to determine whether the drug is safe when used to treat a disease and whether it provides a real health benefit.